We have previously demonstrated that IL-1β overexpression in lupus-prone mice is detectable at an early stage of disease35,36, and it has been shown that activation of the TNF-RI-signaling pathway is sufficient to induce upregulation of adhesion molecules and homeostatic chemokines, and TLS formation13,14,31,37. Here, TNFRSF1A is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.