RAF1 and glioblastoma: Similarly, eckol, a phlorotannin compound extracted from Ecklonia cava with known anti-oxidant activity [264, 265] was shown to suppress the stemness in U87 and U373 GBM cells and in GBM patient derived CSCs XO1 GB and XO3 AOA by inhibiting PI3K/Akt and Ras/Raf-1/Erk signaling [266].