Lastly, we included the study of several proteins involved in cancer angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], VEGF-C) and tumor cell invasion (urokinase-type plasminogen activator [uPA], matrix metalloproteinase 9 [MMP9]) to assess their predictive abilities as UCC metastatic biomarkers. This evidence concerns the gene PLAU and neoplasm.