In preclinical and ongoing studies in the NOD mouse model of T1DM, as well as a number of transgenic strains, we have discovered that DC (human and mouse) generated in the presence of antisense DNA oligonucleotides targeting the CD40, CD80, and CD86 primary transcripts increase the frequency of suppressive immune cells including Foxp3+ Tregs (66, 67, 69) and novel Bregs (16, 17). This evidence concerns the gene FOXP3 and type 1 diabetes mellitus.