TNF and Zika virus infectious disease: Our findings also contrast with a report on acute ZIKV infection in six individuals who were not from an endemic area, in which a more striking immunoactivation profile was observed, with higher levels of various inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, MIP-1α, IP-10, RANTES, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, as well as some immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13, and IL-2 and IL-9, which display both immunoregulatory and inflammatory functions (21).