SERPINE1 and diabetes mellitus: Studies in db/db mice show that while both males and females exhibited age-associated increases in the left ventricular atherosclerosis biomarker, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), females had a marked increase as diabetes progressed, compared to males, indicating a possible role for PAI-1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (Zhao R. et al., 2013; Bowden et al., 2015).