We thus aimed to test two hypotheses: (i) that repeated exposure to sevoflurane induces greater long-term cognitive impairment than single exposure, concomitant with decreased dendritic spine density, histone acetylation and BDNF expression; and (ii) that maternal treadmill exercise during gestation ameliorates these deleterious effects by enhancing histone acetylation and activating downstream BDNF/TrkB/Akt signaling. Here, BDNF is linked to Cognitive impairment.