GAST and chronic kidney disease: Several factors associated with uremia could account for the gastrointestinal tract dysmotility: (i) The level of several gastrointestinal hormones involved in gut motility (e.g., gastrin, cholecystokinin, motilin) are increased in CKD patients [15,16,17,18,19]; (ii) patients with CKD often exhibit autonomic dysfunction [20]; (iii) many compounds that accumulate in kidney failure may impair the contractility of gut smooth muscle.