CCL5 and infection: Infection with H. pylori, a potent activator of NF-κB in gastric epithelial cells, increases CCL5 [47,81,82,83] and induces the expression of a variety of genes, including IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, VEGF, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cell cycle regulators, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, and also adhesion molecules [82,84].