KRAS and adenocarcinoma: Nussinov and her team have also described the critical role of calmodulin selectively binding to the GTP-bound K-Ras4B oncogenic isoform, which promotes the initiation and progression of adenocarcinomas due to full activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Kα)/Akt signaling in addition to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway.