ICAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: In a recent prospective study of ART–naive HIV–infected adults in the USA, ICAM–1 level was not associated with progression in cIMT.31 More studies are required to establish the contribution of traditional CVD risk factors to endothelial dysfunction among virally suppressed HIV–infected patients in SSA, and to explore novel markers that may explain the proportion of risk not conferred by traditional CVD risk factors.