EV-associated TAR is capable of eliciting changes in the recipient cells, including an increased susceptibility to infection, down-regulation of apoptosis through a decrease in Bim and Cdk9 protein levels, and activation of NFκB via the TLR pathway9,11, suggesting the viral, non-coding RNA within EVs may contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis. Here, NFKB1 is linked to infection.