CD4 and Abdominal obesity: Excess alcohol intake was defined as alcohol consumption ≥ 21 units/week for men and ≥ 14 units/week for women [15], adequate exercise was defined as ≥ 30 min of moderate aerobic exercise for at least 3 times a week [16], central obesity was defined as a waist circumference ≥ 94 cm for males and ≥ 80 cm for females according to the IDF [3], short duration of HAART was taken as antiretroviral therapy use ≤ 60 months and low CD4 count defined as CD4 count ≤ 350 cells/mm3.