MAPK3 and Arrhythmia: Similarly, we found that in both diabetic rats and non-diabetic rats, RLIPC reduced the incidence of lethal arrhythmias, induced RISK pathway activation (stimulation of ERK1/2, Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation) and was GSK-3β serine 9 phosphorylation-dependent [12, 13].