An investigation of a mutant Ras peptide vaccine delivered in combination with interleukin-2 (Arm 1) or granulocyte-macrophase colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (Arm 2) or both (Arm 3) to enhance the vaccine immune response, achieved an OS of 16.6 months in 53 advanced cancer patients (including 11 pancreatic cancer patients) with no significant difference between arms [43]. Here, CSF2 is linked to familial pancreatic carcinoma.