SMAD3 and cardiac hypertrophy: An experimental study proved that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling leads to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis through a Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog 3 (SMAD3)-dependent manner 20 days after transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in SMAD3−/− and littermate control mice [32] (Table 1).