INS and Insulin resistance: suppressing of gluconeogenesis; improving insulin resistance; increasing insulin sensitivity; stimulating GLP-1 secretion; alleviating hyperglycemia; hepatoprotection; anti-apoptosis; attenuating diabetic myocardial damage; reducing inflammatory responses; regulating hepatic metabolism and lipid metabolism; regulating acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and gut flora metabolism; anti-angiopathy effects and protective astrocytes