MAPK8 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In summary, we demonstrated that STS alleviated the severity of CS-induced COPD in mice, attenuated inflammation and oxidative stress in macrophages, and reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-1β in vivo and in vitro, which were associated with the suppression of ERK, p38 and JNK MAPK phosphorylation and subsequently inhibition of HIF-1α signaling pathway.