Mutations in cell–cell contact genes could be important for metastasis, and immune cells are known to play a critical role into transforming low-grade glioma into glioblastoma.32EGFR is a known glioma driver.33 However, while this gene was mutated in 15/17 patients, other genes belonging to EGFR family pathways, including EGF, GNAS and PTRB, were also mutated in tumours belonging to this subtype and might not have been detected if we had focussed on EGFR alone. This evidence concerns the gene GNAS and central nervous system cancer.