To decipher the relationship between VMB composition and immune mediators, we explored the associations between immune mediators and Lactobacillus, which are related to vaginal health, as well as, potentially pathogenic Sneathia. Several immune mediators, such as, TNFα, TNFβ, MIP-1α, GM-CSF and IL-10 were associated with cancer, but not Lactobacillus-dominance, suggesting that their elevated levels are cancer-driven. Here, CSF2 is linked to cancer.