CCL4 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: In the case–control study, low MIP-1α and MIP-1β serum levels in EBV seropositive individuals also showed a higher risk of NPC development (MIP-1α: OR = 16.28, 95% CI = 7.11–37.23; MIP-1β: OR = 12.86, 95% CI = 5.9–28.05).