VEGFA and cancer: The immunomodulatory effects of anti-angiogenic therapies have been previously demonstrated in other cancer types (Elamin et al., 2015), with VEGF-A shown to play an important role in the induction of an immunosuppressive environment (Gabrilovich et al., 1996), through increasing PD-L1 and other inhibitory checkpoints involved in CD8+ T cell exhaustion.