BRAF and differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Giordano et al. described the genomic landscape of 496 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) in 2014 and showed that the constitutive activation of the Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, mediated by oncogenic v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) V600E mutation, down-regulates the expression of genes involved in iodine metabolism; thus resulting in RAI-R [8].