Hamdy et al. (35) randomized 1,643 men with clinically localized prostate cancer to active monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy [from 1999 to 2009, a total of 82,429 men aged 50–69 years in the United Kingdom had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test; 2,664 received a diagnosis of localized prostate cancer and 1,643 agreed to undergo randomization to active monitoring, radical prostatectomy, or radiotherapy]. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is Familial prostate cancer.