TNF and alcohol abuse: These include HIV (Das and Horton, 2010), diabetes mellitus (Jeon and Murray, 2008), cancer (Vento and Lanzafame, 2011), solid organ transplantation (Skrahina et al., 2012), renal disease (Wu et al., 2013) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) antagonist treatment (Kisacik et al., 2016), alcohol abuse (Stoffels et al., 2013), tobacco use (Glickman and Schluger, 2016), air pollution, malignancies and an aging population (Negin et al., 2015).