Activation of the ERKs occurs in response to growth factor stimulation, cytokines, virus infection, transforming agents, carcinogens, and after the activation of high-affinity IgG receptors.71 ERKs have been implicated in diverse cellular responses such as mitogenesis, differentiation, inflammation and cytotoxicity, and the overproduction of this enzyme is involved in many neurodegenerative diseases, including AD.67,73,74 Thus, NADPH oxidase, ERKs and RAGE have been suggested to be important therapeutic targets in AD. This evidence concerns the gene FMO5 and Alzheimer disease.