TNF and ischemia: SSRIs have also been found to stimulate nerve growth in the hippocampus and chronic fluoxetine treatment that can enhance neurogenesis and benefits spatial cognitive function recovery following ischemia insults (24).These studies demonstrated that fluoxetine and imipramine attenuated expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (24).