VIM and Parkinson disease: In addition, Vim and Ptgs2 that are also associated with perivascular macrophages (Schiltz and Sawchenko, 2002; Mor-Vaknin et al., 2003) were upregulated (Figure 3E), consistent with reports of increased Ptgs2 expression in Parkinson's disease patients and animal models (Teismann, 2012).