STAT3 and neoplasm: Although there were no direct AZ304 effects on AKT and SRC kinases, it was reported that CSF1R promotes tumour cell proliferation by activating the downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR and SRC/STAT3 pathway.28, 30, 31 Therefore, reduction of these phosphorylated proteins may be dependent on the inhibitory effects of AZ304 on cellular epidermal receptors such as CSF1R.