Interestingly, in the TNF-induced shock model IEC-restricted TNFR1 expression is sufficient to induce IEC-apoptosis, but chronic targeting of IECs by endogenous TNF is not enough to induce IBD pathology indicating that TNFR1 expressed on other cell types is required for effective pathology [68,69,397]. Here, TNFRSF1A is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.