Known RCC-associated genes and drivers were mostly found to be mutated in both the primary tumor and the VTT (VHL, PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, PTEN, MTOR and TP53) with the exception of an MTOR mutation in RCC-VTT-02 and an ARID1A mutation in RCC-VTT-05 (Fig. 3)32. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and neoplasm.