GHR and growth hormone insensitivity syndrome: For example, Laron syndrome (LS), also known as growth hormone insensitivity syndrome, and idiopathic short stature (ISS) are autosomal recessive genetic disorders associated with severe postnatal growth failure and is mostly caused by mutation in the human GHR. Various mutations in the GHR gene have been reported, including deletion, RNA processing defects, translation stop codons, and missense mutations, which affect ligand binding, GHR dimerization, or signal transduction, which result in the failure to promote body growth [19,21,22].