CCN2 and Myocardial fibrosis: Furthermore, pretreatments using losartan (an AT1R inhibitor), PD98059 (an ERK inhibitor), or SP600125 (a JNK inhibitor) facilitate the inhibition of cell proliferation and myocardial fibrosis by significantly downregulating profibrogenic factors such as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) [86].