TGFB1 and myocardial infarction: In contrast, several studies have demonstrated that TGF-β inhibition in the late stage of MI may improve myocardial remodeling, while TGF-β inhibition in the early stage has opposite effects [133, 134], suggesting that the activation of TGF-β may protect the heart from ischemic injury at an early stage, but its beneficial effect is later diminished.