The ratio between regulatory FoxP3+ and effector CD4+ T cells, as well as the ratio between positive cytokines (TGF-β+ and IL-10+) and FoxP3+ and CD4+ T cells in NUCL and normal skin, was assessed in order to better evaluate the participation of regulatory cells in the cutaneous inflammation caused by atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is inflammatory response.