Mitochondrial fragmentation increases in muscle cells during dystrophin-dependent muscle degeneration in various animal models including nematode45, zebrafish45, mouse, which exhibits abnormalities of mitochondrial morphology and density as well as an up-regulation of DRP-1 levels46,47, dog48 and in biopsies from Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients49. This evidence concerns the gene DMD and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.