TNF and gastric cancer: For instance, T helper (Th) 1 lymphocytes were shown to be activated by interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-12, both of which were generated mainly by dendritic cells.[5] After induction, these cells generate proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IFN-γ.[2] Th2 cells could be induced by IL-4, subsequently leading to a secretion of IL-10 which was an immunosuppressive cytokine.[2] Epplein et al[6] reported that high level of IL-8 was associated with increased risk of gastric cancer.