INSL3 and cryptorchidism: Furthermore, in mice treated gestationally with the estrogen diethylstilbestrol, there is both bilateral cryptorchidism and concomitant down-regulation of Insl3 gene expression in the fetal testes (Emmen et al., 2000), a finding paralleled by the increased incidence of cryptorchidism amongst boys born of mothers similarly treated with diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy (Palmer et al., 2009).