All subjects can be considered as representative of the general population; this differs therefore from the more extreme pharmacological situations in humans or rodents, for example, where high diethylstilbestrol or phthalate concentrations can lead to a high incidence of cryptorchidism with accompanying INSL3 depletion (Emmen et al., 2000; McKinnell et al., 2005; Palmer et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene INSL3 and cryptorchidism.