However, increased NF-L in the CSF is not specific to AD, and is detected in other dementias, with the highest concentrations seen in FTD and in vascular dementia (VaD; Box 1) (de Jong et al., 2007; Landqvist Waldö et al., 2013; Sjogren et al., 2000). Here, NEFL is linked to frontotemporal dementia.