TNF and Cerebral ischemia: Galuppo et al. [44] recently reported the neuroprotective effect of MG on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) rat models, with findings clearly indicating that the ITC has the ability to intercept the CIR-induced damage by lowering the release of pro-inflammatory biomarkers including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB).