NDRG1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: However, unlike previous study of oral squamous carcinoma cells showing CAPE induced NDRG1 expression only through ERK signal pathway [14], the present study indicated that CAPE upregulated NDRG1 expression through multiple MAPK signal pathways in NPC cells since pretreatment of ERK, JNK or p38 inhibitor all partly blocked the effect of CAPE on NDRG1 induction.