NDRG1 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: To explore whether the enhancement of CAPE-induced NDRG1 expression in NPC cells was through the activation of MAPK pathway, we pretreated cells with MAPK elements inhibitors, ERK (PD0325901), p38 (SB202190), and JNK (SP600125), for 1 h before exposure to CAPE treatments.