TGFB1 and ischemia: Indeed, microglia/macrophage cell density was lower in the PB-MNC+ than the PBS group, suggesting that PB-MNC+ may limit the early excitotoxic cascade triggered by ischemia and exert a cerebroprotective effect, as was previously shown following intranasal administration of TGF-β in mice poststroke [34], and therefore have contributed to the significant reduction in infarct volume that we observed.