ERN1 and infection: Our data demonstrated that during the pathogen infection of mouse Ern1wt/wt and Ern1mut/mut BMDMs, ASK1 phosphorylation (Thr845) level increased over the same time period (24 h) in the infected Ern1wt/wt BMDMs, indicating that IRE1α activity contributes to the infection-dependent phosphorylation of ASK1 (Figures 2C,D).