We also tested whether several host autophagy-related components, including Atg1 (ULK1), Atg2, Atg18 (WIPI1), Atg9 and Beclin 1, conferred susceptibility to Bm16M infection via CFU assay and image-based host cell infection analysis (Qin et al., 2008). Here, BECN1 is linked to infection.