TP53 and central nervous system cancer: Most gliomas harbor molecular alterations disrupting key signaling pathways involved in regulation of cell growth (e.g., receptor tyrosine kinases, MAPK/ERK PIK3CA/AKT/PTEN signaling pathways), cell cycle/DNA repair/apoptosis (e.g., retinoblastoma/E2F/p53), metabolism [e.g., isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1)], chromatin, and telomere length (13).