TNF and glioma: The antitumor effect of TAM1 involves various mechanisms, such as the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α) and the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and the importance of macrophage-directed immunotherapy has been noted.34 The anti-glioma efficacy was further investigated using a murine GL261 glioma-bearing immunocompetent C57BL/6 mouse model.