Moreover, in CP/CPPS patients, but not in controls, a significant correlation between estradiol levels in seminal plasma and in blood was detected, indicating a CP/CPPS specific systemic and local deregulation of E2. These novel findings in CP/CPPS patients demonstrate that estrogen and estrogen receptors’ deregulation may play an important role in the chronification of prostatitis and, together with our previous results [25], suggest that semen is a suitable source for development of diagnostic biomarkers for CP/CPPS. Here, ESR1 is linked to medical procedure.