The importance of TGFβ isoforms and their receptors in skeletal biology and BMSC differentiation and functions has been demonstrated by the presence of significant skeletal defects in TGFβ genetically modified animals; for example, TGFβ2 knockout mice showed lack of distal parts of the ribs [35], transgenic mice with negative form of TGFβ2 developed hypoplastic cartilage, multiple defects in the base of the skull and vertebrae, defects in long bones and joints [36], and important for cartilage maintenance and prevention of osteoarthritis in human and mice models [37]. The gene discussed is TGFB2; the disease is osteoarthritis.