Consistent with these findings, our results showed that the expression of TGF‐β, Smad2, Ser423/425‐phosphorylated Smad3, and Smad4 was remarkably increased in livers of HBx transgenic mice compared with non‐transgenic mice from the early time points (4 h, 12 h, 3 days, and 10 days) to the late time points (3 months) even up to tumor formation after PH in comparison with the age‐matched non‐PH mice. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.