IL1B and pulmonary tuberculosis: While IL-1β is a critical element to developing allergic inflammation, this cytokine is also essential in regulating the inflammatory response to Mtb infection. In vivo studies have shown that IL-1β and IL-6 are upregulated in the lungs of pulmonary TB patients perhaps due to the presence of lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a major cell wall component in Mtb bacteria [14].