Models including a single adipokine were built and also showed that lower adiponectin and higher leptin are risk factors for PTS independently of obesity (data not shown).The C-statistic for the model with only adiponectin was 0.84 (p < 0.001, for the comparison with the model without adipokines), whereas C-statistic for the model with only leptin was 0.83 (p < 0.001, for the comparison with the model without adipokines). The gene discussed is ADIPOQ; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.