Recent breakthrough advances in cancer treatment are mainly due to the therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors [such as anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1] that have revolutionized management of several cancers including non-small-cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, advanced urothelial carcinoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, microsatellite instable (MSI-H) colorectal carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and classical HL (82–84). Here, PDCD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.